Unit III: Preparing for a Hack ( Hinglish )

Topic 1: Technical Preparation

Definition: Technical preparation ka matlab hai wo tools, systems, aur environments set up karna jo ethical hacking test ko effectively conduct karne ke liye zaroori hote hain.

Subtopics:

1. Setting Up the Lab Environment:

   • Ek controlled environment create karna jahan attack simulate kar sakein bina live systems ko affect kiye.

   • Tools jaise VirtualBox, VMware, ya Kali Linux use karke virtual machines (VMs) set up ki jati hain.

   • Example: Ek lab setup karna jisme ek Windows VM target hai aur Kali Linux VM attacker machine hai.

2. Installing and Configuring Tools:

   • Ethical hacking tools jaise Nmap, Metasploit, Wireshark, aur Burp Suite ko install aur configure karna.

   • Tools ko is tarah se configure karna taaki wo test ke dauran seamlessly kaam karein.

   • Example: Metasploit Framework ko install karke target system se connect hone ke liye configure karna.

3. Understanding the Target Environment:

   • Target ke operating systems, network architecture, aur applications ke baare mein information gather karna.

   • Yeh attack plan karne mein madad karta hai aur sahi tools select karne mein bhi.

   • Example: Yeh research karna ke target Windows Server 2019 aur Apache web hosting ke liye use karta hai.

4. Legal and Ethical Considerations:

   • Ensure karna ke sab activities legal boundaries ke andar ho aur proper authorization ho.

   • Example: Penetration test conduct karne se pehle organization se written permission lena.

Mind Map/Crux Line: Technical Prep → Lab Setup, Tool Installation, Target Understanding, Legal Compliance → Ethical Hacking Readiness.

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Topic 2: Reconnaissance Methods

Definition: Reconnaissance ek process hai jisme target system ya network ke baare mein information gather ki jati hai taaki potential attack vectors identify kiye ja sakein.

Subtopics:

1. Social Engineering:

   • Logon ko manipulate karke sensitive information ya system access lena.

   • Techniques jaise phishing, pretexting, aur baiting use ki jati hain.

   • Example: Ek phishing email bhejna jo trusted source se lagti hai, taaki login credentials chura sakein.

2. Physical Security Reconnaissance:

   • Target ki physical security measures ko assess karna, jaise access controls, surveillance, aur locks.

   • Example: Maintenance worker ban ke server room ka physical access lena.

3. Internet Reconnaissance:

   • Online tools aur techniques ka use karna target ke baare mein information gather karne ke liye.

   • Tools mein Google Dorks, WHOIS lookup, aur Shodan shamil hain.

   • Example: Google Dorks (e.g., site:example.com filetype:pdf) ka use karke company ke website pe sensitive documents dhundhna.

4. Network Scanning:

   • Target network pe active devices, open ports, aur services ko identify karna.

   • Tools jaise Nmap aur Angry IP Scanner use kiye jaate hain.

   • Example: Company ke network ko scan karke open ports jaise HTTP (port 80) ya SSH (port 22) dhundhna.

Mind Map/Crux Line: Recon Methods → Social Engineering, Physical Security, Internet Recon, Network Scanning → Identify Attack Vectors.

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Topic 3: Vulnerability Identification

Definition: Vulnerability identification ka process hai jisme target system ki weak points identify kiye jaate hain jo attack ke dauran exploit kiye ja sakte hain.

Subtopics:

1. Automated Vulnerability Scanning:

   • Tools jaise Nessus, OpenVAS, aur Qualys ka use karke vulnerabilities scan ki jati hain.

   • Yeh tools detailed reports dete hain jo identified weaknesses ko describe karte hain.

   • Example: Nessus scan chalana taaki target server pe unpatched software vulnerabilities find ki ja sakein.

2. Manual Vulnerability Assessment:

   • Aise vulnerabilities test karna jo automated tools se miss ho sakti hain.

   • Techniques mein code review, configuration review, aur penetration testing shamil hain.

   • Example: Web application ko manually test karna taaki SQL injection vulnerabilities detect ho sakein.

3. Common Vulnerabilities:

   • Weak Passwords: Jo easily guessable ho ya default passwords ho.

   • Unpatched Software: Aise outdated software jisme known vulnerabilities hoti hain.

   • Misconfigured Services: Aise services jo unnecessary permissions ya open ports rakhti hain.

   • Example: Ek server pe outdated version of Apache paana jo CVE-2021-41773 vulnerability ke liye vulnerable ho.

4. Prioritizing Vulnerabilities:

   • Vulnerabilities ko unki severity aur impact ke hisaab se rank karna.

   • Example: Critical vulnerability jaise Remote Code Execution (RCE) ko low-risk issues jaise open port ke comparison mein zyada priority dena.

Mind Map/Crux Line: Vulnerability ID → Automated Scanning, Manual Assessment, Common Vulnerabilities, Prioritization → Exploit Weaknesses.

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Topic 4: Exploitation Planning

Definition: Exploitation planning mein wo steps define kiye jaate hain jisse identified vulnerabilities ko exploit karke unauthorized access liya jaye target system pe.

Subtopics:

1. Selecting Exploits:

   • Wo exploits choose karna jo identified vulnerabilities ke hisaab se sahi ho.

   • Tools jaise Metasploit aur Exploit-DB use kiye jaate hain.

   • Example: Metasploit ka use karke Windows SMB vulnerability (e.g., EternalBlue) ko exploit karna.

2. Payload Selection:

   • Jab access mil jaye, to kaunsa action perform karna hai (jaise backdoor install karna, data steal karna).

   • Common payloads mein reverse shells, bind shells, aur meterpreter shamil hain.

   • Example: Meterpreter payload ka use karke target system pe interactive access lena.

3. Avoiding Detection:

   • Techniques use karna taaki security systems jaise firewalls aur antivirus se bach sakein.

   • Techniques mein obfuscation, encryption, aur custom payloads shamil hain.

   • Example: Antivirus detection ko bypass karne ke liye payload ko encrypt karna.

4. Post-Exploitation Planning:

   • Jab access mil jaye to kya karna hai, jaise access maintain karna, tracks cover karna, aur data exfiltrate karna.

   • Example: Rootkit install karke access maintain karna aur logs delete karke tracks cover karna.

Mind Map/Crux Line: Exploitation Planning → Select Exploits, Choose Payloads, Avoid Detection, Post-Exploit Actions → Gain and Maintain Access.

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Topic 5: Reporting and Documentation

Definition: Findings ka ek detailed report create karna jisme vulnerabilities, exploitation methods, aur mitigation ke recommendations shamil hon.

Subtopics:

1. Report Structure:

   • Executive Summary: Test aur uske findings ka high-level overview.

   • Technical Details: Vulnerabilities, exploits, aur unke impact ka detailed description.

   • Recommendations: Identified risks ko mitigate karne ke actionable steps.

   • Example: Report mein ek executive summary management ke liye aur technical details IT team ke liye.

2. Visual Aids:

   • Diagrams, screenshots, aur tables ka use karke report ko samajhna asaan banana.

   • Example: Ek network diagram include karna jo vulnerable systems ko dikhata ho aur exploit ka screenshot.

3. Deliverables:

   • Report stakeholders ko deliver karna aur debriefing session conduct karna.

   • Example: Report organization ke management team ko present karna aur unke questions ka jawab dena.

4. Follow-Up Actions:

   • Ensure karna ke organization recommended security measures implement kare.

   • Example: Follow-up test conduct karna taaki yeh verify ho sake ke vulnerabilities patch ho gayi hain.

Mind Map/Crux Line: Reporting → Structure, Visual Aids, Deliverables, Follow-Up → Communicate Findings and Recommendations.

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