Unit I: Introduction ( Hinglish )
Sure! Here's the translation of the topics into Hinglish:
Topic 1: Hacking Impacts
Definition: Hacking impacts woh consequences hain jab unauthorized access hota hai systems, networks, ya data mein. Isse financial losses, reputational damage, legal issues, aur operational disruptions ho sakte hain.
Subtopics:
Financial Loss:
Direct Losses: Stolen funds, ransom payments (jaise ransomware attacks), aur fraudulent transactions.
Indirect Losses: Legal fines, affected parties ko compensation, insurance premiums ka badhna, aur business opportunities ka loss.
Example: WannaCry ransomware attack (2017) ne 200,000 se zyada computers ko 150 countries mein affect kiya, jisme $4 billion ka damage hua. UK ke hospitals ko surgeries cancel karni pad gayi, aur businesses ko significant downtime face karna pada.
Reputational Damage: Ek security breach customer trust ko erode kar sakta hai aur organization ki reputation ko damage kar sakta hai. Negative media coverage, business partnerships ka loss, aur customer loyalty ka reduction common consequences hain.
Example: Equifax breach (2017) ke baad, company ka stock price 30% gir gaya, aur unko 147 million logon ka sensitive data mishandle karne par public backlash ka samna karna pada.
Legal Consequences: Organizations ko lawsuits, regulatory fines, ya penalties face karni pad sakti hain agar unhone data protect karne mein fail kiya.
Example: Equifax ko 2017 data breach ke liye $700 million ka fine laga, jo ki history ka ek sabse bada fine tha.
Operational Disruption: Hacking se business operations disrupt ho sakte hain, downtime, productivity ka loss, aur customer service ki inability ho sakti hai.
Example: NotPetya attack (2017) ne Maersk ki operations ko weeks tak disrupt kiya, jiska cost company ko $300 million ka revenue loss hua.
Mind Map/Crux Line: Hacking → Financial Loss, Reputational Damage, Legal Consequences, Operational Disruption → Ethical Hacking Prevents.
Topic 2: The Hacker Framework
Definition: Ek structured methodology jo hackers (ethical ya malicious) use karte hain target systems ya networks mein vulnerabilities identify karne, exploit karne aur mitigate karne ke liye.
Subtopics:
Reconnaissance: Pehla phase hai target system ya network ke baare mein information gather karna.
Passive Reconnaissance: Publicly available information use karna (e.g., Google search, social media, WHOIS lookup).
Active Reconnaissance: Direct interaction (e.g., network scanning, ping sweeps).
Example: Google Dorks (e.g., site:example.com filetype:pdf) ka use karke sensitive files dhoondhna ya WHOIS lookup karna domain ownership ke liye.
Scanning: Is phase mein open ports, services, aur vulnerabilities identify kiye jaate hain.
Tools jaise Nmap, Netcat, aur Angry IP Scanner use hote hain network scan karne ke liye.
Example: Company ke website ko scan karna aur open ports jaise HTTP (port 80), SSH (port 22), ya FTP (port 21) identify karna.
Gaining Access: Is phase mein hacker vulnerabilities ko exploit kar ke unauthorized access gain karta hai.
Tools jaise Metasploit, SQLmap, aur Burp Suite use hote hain exploits execute karne ke liye.
Example: Weak password ka use karke admin account ko access karna ya SQL injection ka use karke database information extract karna.
Maintaining Access: Access gain karne ke baad, hacker backdoors ya rootkits install karta hai taaki future mein wapas aa sake.
Example: Trojan horse install karna hidden entry point banane ke liye ya keylogger ka use karna sensitive information capture karne ke liye.
Covering Tracks: Final phase mein attack ke evidence ko erase karna hota hai taaki detection se bacha ja sake.
Techniques jaise logs delete karna, timestamps alter karna, aur encryption ka use.
Example: CCleaner ka use karke logs wipe karna ya files encrypt karna taaki forensic analysis se bacha ja sake.
Mind Map/Crux Line: Hacker Framework → Recon, Scan, Exploit, Maintain, Cover → OSSTMM/PTES → Ethical Hacking.
Topic 3: Planning the Test
Definition: Ek ethical hacking test ko prepare aur organize karne ka process, jis mein objectives, scope, aur methodologies define ki jaati hain.
Subtopics:
Define Objectives: Clear outline karna test ka aim, jaise vulnerabilities identify karna, defenses test karna, ya real-world attacks simulate karna.
Example: External firewall ko test karna taaki yeh ensure ho sake ke wo attacks se bach sakta hai.
Set Scope: Test ke boundaries define karna, kaunse systems, networks, ya applications ko test kiya jaayega.
Example: Test ko company ke public-facing website tak limit karna, aur internal systems ko exclude karna.
Choose Methodology: Framework ya approach select karna, jaise OSSTMM ya PTES, jo test ko guide kare.
Example: PTES methodology use karna taaki ek web application ke penetration test ko systematically execute kiya ja sake.
Allocate Resources: Roles, tools, aur timeframes assign karna taaki test efficient aur effective ho.
Example: Ethical hackers ki team assign karna jo network scanning aur vulnerability analysis kare, aur deadline set karna.
Mind Map/Crux Line: Planning → Objectives, Scope, Methodology, Resources → Ethical, Legal, Controlled Test.
Topic 4: Sound Operations (Reconnaissance, Enumeration, Vulnerability Analysis)
Definition: Information gather karne ka process (reconnaissance), attack surfaces identify karna (enumeration), aur system mein weaknesses analyze karna (vulnerability analysis).
Subtopics:
Reconnaissance: Target ke baare mein information collect karna bina direct interaction ke.
Passive Reconnaissance: Publicly available information use karna (e.g., social media, WHOIS, Google Dorks).
Active Reconnaissance: Direct interaction karna (e.g., ping sweeps, port scans).
Example: Google Dorks ka use karna sensitive files dhoondhne ke liye ya WHOIS lookup karna domain ownership ke liye.
Enumeration: Active systems, open ports, aur running services ko identify karna.
Tools jaise Nmap, Netcat, aur Angry IP Scanner ka use karte hain.
Example: Yeh discover karna ki server purana Apache version run kar raha hai ya open ports like FTP (port 21) ya Telnet (port 23) hain.
Vulnerability Analysis: Target system mein weaknesses identify aur assess karna.
Tools jaise Nessus, OpenVAS, aur Qualys vulnerability scanning aur detailed reports provide karte hain.
Example: SQL injection attacks ke liye system ko vulnerable pana ya unpatched software vulnerabilities dikhna.
Mind Map/Crux Line: Sound Ops → Recon (Info Gathering) → Enumeration (Attack Surfaces) → Vuln Analysis (Weaknesses).
Topic 5: Exploitation, Final Analysis, and Deliverables
Definition: Is phase mein vulnerabilities ko exploit kar ke access gain kiya jaata hai, phir results ko analyze kiya jaata hai aur ek report (deliverable) create ki jaati hai organization ke liye.
Subtopics:
Exploitation: Tools jaise Metasploit, SQLmap, aur Burp Suite ka use kar ke vulnerabilities ko exploit karna aur unauthorized access gain karna.
Example: Weak password ka use kar ke admin account ko access karna ya SQL injection ka use kar ke database information extract karna.
Final Analysis: Test ke results ko review karna aur root cause aur impact identify karna.
Example: Yeh identify karna ki encryption ki kami ki wajah se data breach hua ya outdated software ki wajah se system compromise hua.
Deliverables: Findings, recommendations, aur actionable steps se ek detailed report create karna.
Example: Report mein password policies ko strong karne, regular patching karne, aur phishing attacks ke liye employee training ki recommendations dena.
Mind Map/Crux Line: Exploit → Gain Access → Analyze → Report (Deliverable) → Improve Security.
Topic 6: Information Security Models
Definition: Wo frameworks ya models jo information systems ko protect karne ke liye design kiye jaate hain, jaise CIA triad (Confidentiality, Integrity, Availability).
Subtopics:
CIA Triad:
Confidentiality: Data ko unauthorized access se protect karna (e.g., encryption, access controls).
Integrity: Data ki accuracy aur unaltered hone ko ensure karna (e.g., checksums, digital signatures).
Availability: Data ko jab zarurat ho tab accessible banana (e.g., backups, redundancy).
Example: Bank encryption (confidentiality), digital signatures (integrity), aur backups (availability) use karta hai apne systems ko secure karne ke liye.
Parkerian Hexad: CIA Triad ko extend karte hue authenticity, possession, aur utility ko include karta hai:
Authenticity: Data ka source verify karna (e.g., certificates ka use).
Possession: Data pe control ensure karna (e.g., unauthorized duplication se bachna).
Utility: Data ka useful rehna ensure karna (e.g., proper formatting).
Example: Healthcare organization authenticity ensure karta hai signed medical records ke through, possession via access control, aur utility by using interoperable data standards.
Bell-LaPadula Model: Confidentiality par focus karta hai aur access controls enforce karta hai classification levels ke basis par.
Example: Military database mein model ka use karke access restrict kiya jaata hai user clearance levels ke basis par.
Clark-Wilson Model: Integrity par focus karta hai aur ensure karta hai ki sirf authorized actions hi data pe perform kiye jaayein.
Example: Financial applications mein model ka use karke ensure kiya jaata hai ki transactions correctly aur authorized ho.
Zero Trust Architecture (ZTA): Network mein koi implicit trust nahi hota, har access ke liye authentication aur verification required hota hai.
Example: Corporate network ZTA implement karta hai jahan har request ke liye user identity aur device compliance verify ki jaati hai.
Mind Map/Crux Line: Security Models → CIA Triad, Parkerian Hexad, Bell-LaPadula, Clark-Wilson, ZTA → Comprehensive Protection.
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